<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник дерматологии и венерологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0042-4609</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-6294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Rossijskoe Obschestvo Dermatovenerologov i Kosmetologov</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1329</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25208/vdv1329</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>GUIDELINES FOR PRACTITIONERS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>В ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ ВРАЧУ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The use of urea for skin barrier correction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение мочевины для коррекции нарушений кожного барьера</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8688-7578</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5548-5359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Albanova</surname><given-names>Vera I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альбанова</surname><given-names>Вера Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>albanova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1051-4385</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7783-5990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>Olesya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Олеся Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>olesya.kalinina577@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-0148</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7268-6944</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Stanislava Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Станислава Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>petrovastanislava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute named after MF Vladimirsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smolensk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Смоленский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Skin and Venereal Diseases Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Смоленский кожно-венерологический диспансер</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Joint-stock company Pharmaceutical enterprise “Retinoids”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АО «Ретиноиды»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-05-13"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-08-14"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Albanova V.I., Kalinina O.V., Petrova S.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Альбанова В.И., Калинина О.В., Петрова С.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Albanova V.I., Kalinina O.V., Petrova S.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Альбанова В.И., Калинина О.В., Петрова С.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnikdv.ru/jour/article/view/1329">https://vestnikdv.ru/jour/article/view/1329</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review summarizes information about the main causes and pathogenesis of xerosis cutis as one of the conditions indicating a violation of the epidermal barrier. Xerosis cutis is a clinical sign of a decrease in the amount and/or quality of lipids and/or hydrophilic substances in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The modern approach to the treatment of dermatoses accompanied by violations of the epidermal barrier includes basic moisturizers. Urea not only moisturizes the skin. It is involved in the regulation of barrier function and antimicrobial protection. It is a low-molecular regulator of protein synthesis in keratinocytes, such as filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin and transglutaminase 1, cathelicidin, beta-defensin-2, water and urea carrier proteins into the cell, as well as proteins that promote the synthesis of intercellular matrix lipids. The main dermatotropic pharmacological effects of urea (hydration of the epidermis, strengthening of the barrier function of the skin, keratolytic effect, increased penetration of drugs into the skin) have been used in dermatological practice for many years. External agents with urea are used to treat skin diseases accompanied by dryness and excessive keratinization, to correct the deformation of nail plates of various genesis, to facilitate the local penetration of medicines. The use of topical UrocrEM5, UrocrEM10, Uroderm ointments containing 5%, 10% and 30% urea, respectively, is effective and safe.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре обобщена информация о причинах и патогенезе сухости кожи как одного из состояний, свидетельствующего о нарушении эпидермального барьера. Сухость кожи является клиническим признаком снижения в роговом слое эпидермиса количества и/или качества липидов и/или гидрофильных веществ. Современный подход к лечению дерматозов, сопровождающихся нарушениями эпидермального барьера, включает базовые увлажняющие средства. Мочевина не только увлажняет кожу, она участвует в регулировании барьерной функции и противомикробной защите. Она является низкомолекулярным регулятором синтеза белков в кератиноцитах, таких как филаггрин, лорикрин, инволюкрин и трансглутаминаза 1, кателицидин, бета-дефензин-2, белков — переносчиков воды и мочевины в клетку, а также белков, способствующих синтезу липидов межклеточного матрикса. Основные дерматотропные фармакологические эффекты мочевины (увлажнение эпидермиса, усиление барьерной функции кожи, кератолитическое действие, усиление проникновения лекарственных средств в кожу) используют в дерматологической практике для лечения кожных болезней, сопровождающихся сухостью и избыточным ороговением, коррекции деформации ногтевых пластин различного генеза, облегчения местного проникновения лекарственных препаратов. Использование топических средств УрокрЭМ5, УрокрЭМ10, мази Уродерм, содержащих 5, 10 и 30% мочевины соответственно, эффективно и безопасно.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urea</kwd><kwd>moisturizing creams</kwd><kwd>xerosis cutis</kwd><kwd>skin barrier enhancing</kwd><kwd>natural moisturizing factor</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мочевина</kwd><kwd>увлажняющие кремы</kwd><kwd>ксероз кожи</kwd><kwd>укрепление барьера кожи</kwd><kwd>натуральный увлажняющий фактор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Prospecting and analytical work supported by the Pharmaceutical Research and Production Enterprise "Retinoids" JSC.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Поисково-аналитическая работа поддержана Фармацевтическим научно-производственным предприятием АО «Ретиноиды».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Friedman AJ, von Grote EC, Meckfessel MH. Urea: a clinically oriented overview from bench to bedside. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(5):633–639.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Verzì AE, Musumeci ML, Lacarrubba F, Micali G. History of urea as a dermatological agent in clinical practice. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(187):e13621. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13621</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Celleno L. Topical urea in skincare: a review. Dermatol Ther. 2018;31(6):e12690. doi: 10.1111/dth.12690</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Pan M, Heinecke G, Bernardo S, Tsui C, Levitt J. Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature. Dermatol Online J. 2013;19(11):20392.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Augustin M, Wilsmann-Theis D, Körber A, Kerscher M, Itschert G, Dippel M, Staubach P. Diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis — a position paper. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2019;17(7):3–33. doi: 10.1111/ddg.13906</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Garibyan L, Chiou AS, Elmariah SB. Advanced aging skin and itch: addressing an unmet need. Dermatologic Therapy. 2013;26(2):92–103. doi: 10.1111/dth.12029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Ständer S, Augustin M, Reich A, Blome C, Ebata T, Phan NQ, Szepietowski JC. International forum for the study of itch special interest group scoring itch in clinical trials. Pruritus assessment in clinical trials: consensus recommendations from the International Forum for the study of itch (IFSI) special interest group scoring itch in clinical trials. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:509–514. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1620</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Zachariae C, Menné T, Linneberg A. Xerosis is associated with atopic dermatitis, hand eczema and contact sensitization independent of filaggrin gene mutations. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;6;93(4):406–411. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1539</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Augustin M, Kirsten N, Körber A, Wilsmann-Theis D, Itschert G, Staubach-Renz P, Maul JT, Zander N. Prevalence, Predictors and comorbidity of dry skin in the general population. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(1):147–150. doi: 10.1111 / jdv.15157</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Keller BP, Wille J, van Ramshorst B, van der Werken C. Pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: a review of risks and prevention. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(10):1379–1388. doi: 10.1007/s00134-002-1487</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Akdis CA. Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(11):739–751. doi: 10.1038/s41577-021-00538-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Évora AS, Adams MJ, Johnson SA, Zhang Z. Corneocytes: Relationship between structural and biomechanical properties. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(3):146–161. doi: 10.1159/000513054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Хлебникова А.Н., Петрунин Д.Д., Молочков А.В. Липиды человеческого эпидермиса (фундаментальные сведения и клиническая имплементация). М: МОНИКИ; 2015. С. 4–56 [Hlebnikova AN, Petrunin DD, Molochkov AV. Lipids of the human epidermis (fundamental information and clinical implementation). Moscow: MONIKI; 2015:4–56 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Альбанова В.И., Пампура А.Н. Атопический дерматит. М: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2020. С. 5–16 [Albanova VI, Pampura AN. Atopic dermatitis. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020: 5–16 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.33029/9704-5640-8-ATTI-2020-1-144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Loden M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(11):771–788. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304110-00005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Buraczewska I, Berne B, Lindberg M, Törmä H, Lodén M. Changes in skin barrier function following long-term treatment with moisturizers, a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(3):492–498. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07685.x.3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Scheinfeld NS. Urea: a review of scientific and clinical data. Skinmed. 2010;8(2):102–6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Eberting CL, Coman G, Blickenstaff N. Repairing a compromised skin barrier in dermatitis: leveraging the skin’s ability to heal itself. J Allergy Ther. 2014;5:187. doi:10.4172/2155-6121.1000187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Jokura Y, Ishikawa S, Tokuda H, Imokawa G. Molecular analysis of elastic properties of the stratum corneum by solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104(5):806–812. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12607005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lefèvre-Utile A, Braun C, Haftek M, Aubin F. Five functional aspects of the epidermal barrier. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(21):11676. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111676</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Альбанова В.И., Петрова С.Ю. Атопический дерматит: Учебное пособие для врачей. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2022. с. 133–142 [Albanova VI, Petrova SYu. Atopic dermatitis. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2022:133–142 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.33029/9704-6852-4-ATD-2022-1-168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Loden M. The clinical benefit of moisturizers. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2005;19:672–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01326.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Аничков Н.М., Сыдиков А.А., Чупров И.Н., Заславский Д.В., Насыров Р.А. Роль межклеточных щелевидных контактов (коннексинов) в патогенезе эритродермий. Архив патологии. 2018;80(4):61–64 [Anichkov NM, Sydikov AA, Chuprov IN, Zaslavskiy DV, Nasyrov RA. Role of intercellular slit-like contacts (connexins) in the pathogenesis of erythroderma. Arkhiv Patologii. 2018;80(4):61–64. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.17116/patol201880461</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Grice EA. The skin microbiome: potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cutaneous disease. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery. 2014;33(2):98–103. doi: 10.12788/j.sder.0087</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kraft N, Lynde CW. Moisturizers: what they are and a practical approach to product selection. Skin Therapy Lett. 2005:10;1–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Sethi A, Kaur T, Malhotra SK, Gambhir ML. Moisturizers: the slippery road. Indian J Dermatol. 2016:61(3);279–287. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.182427</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Voegeli D. Urea creams in skin conditions: composition and outcomes. Dermatolgy in practice. 2012;18(3):13–5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Белоусова Т.А., Гузев К.С., Лаврик О.И., Ноздрин В.И. «Уродерм» (мазь с мочевиной 30%). М.: АО «Ретиноиды»; 2015. С. 1–184 [Belousova TA, Guzev KS, Lavrik OI, Nozdrin VI. “Uroderm” (ointment with urea 30%). Moscow: “Retinoids”; 2015:1–184 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J. Urea in dermatology: a review of its emollient, moisturizing, keratolytic, skin barrier enhancing and antimicrobial properties. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021;11:1905–1915. doi: 10.1007/s13555-021-00611-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Grether-Beck S, Felsner I, Brenden H, Kohne Z, Majora M, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Rodriguez-Martin M, Trullas C, Hupe M, Elias PM, Krutmann J. Urea uptake enhances barrier function and antimicrobial defense in humans by regulating epidermal gene expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(6):1561–1572. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.42</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Björklund S, Engblom J, Thuresson K, Sparr E. Glycerol and urea can be used to increase skin permeability in reduced hydration conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2013;50(5):638–645. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Berardesca E, Cameli N. Non-invasive assessment of urea efficacy: A review. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(187):e13603. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13603</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Starace M, Alessandrini A, Piraccini BM. Clinical evidences of urea at high concentration on skin and annexes. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(187):e 13740. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13740</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Hutchens TW, Li CM, Besch PK. Urea-induced transformation of native estrogen receptor and evidence for separate DNA-and ATP-binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986;139(3):1250–1255. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturizers for eczema: abridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(5):1256–1271. doi: 10.1111/bjd. 15602</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Lindh JD, Bradley M. Clinical effectiveness of moisturizers in atopic dermatitis and related disorders: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(5):341–359. doi: 10.1007/s40257-015-0146-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Benintende C, Boscaglia S, Dinotta F, Lacarrubba F, Micali G. Treatment of ichthyosis vulgaris with a urea‐based emulsion: videodermatoscopy and confocal microscopy evaluation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2017;152(6):555–559. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.17.05743-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Клинические рекомендации. Ихтиоз. Общероссийская общественная организация «Российское общество дерматовенерологов и косметологов». 2020. (03 Мая 2022) [Klinicheskie rekomendacii. Ihtioz. RODVK. 2020. (In Russ.)] https://cnikvi.ru/docs/clinic_recs/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii-2019-2020/files/Ихтиоз%2008.10.2020.docx (03 May 2022)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Охлопков В.А., Комаровский И.В., Скальский С.В. Мочевина — «золотой стандарт» терапии ксероза кожи. Клиническая дерматология и венерология. 2020;19(1):93-100 [Okhlopkov VA, Komarovsky IV, Skalskiy SV. Urea — the gold standard for skin xerosis therapy. Klinicheskaya Dermatologiya i Venerologiya. 2020;19(1):93–100. (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.17116/klinderma20201901193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Dirschka Т. Mode of action of urea. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(187):e13569. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13569</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
