Vestnik dermatologii i venerologiiVestnik dermatologii i venerologiiВестник дерматологии и венерологии0042-46092313-6294Rossijskoe Obschestvo Dermatovenerologov i Kosmetologov1689810.25208/vdv16898nwrrtpREVIEWSОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫReview ArticleLeukonychia associated with hereditary syndromesЛейконихия, ассоциированная с наследственными синдромамиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9676-1581SaranyukRoman V.СаранюкРоман Владимирович
Russian Federation
roman.saranuk@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6280-247X6373-6556PolonikovAlexey V.ПолониковАлексей Валерьевич
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

д.м.н., профессор

polonikov@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-9159GostevaTatyana A.ГостеваТатьяна Александровна
Russian Federation
ya-lisenok-@mail.ruSociety for Integrative DermatologyОбщество интегративной дерматологииDermatology and Venereology Clinic “Derma Expert”Кабинет дерматологии и венерологии «Derma Эксперт»Kursk State Medical UniversityКурский государственный медицинский университетKurchatov Center for Modern MedicineКурчатовский центр современной медицины1908202530092025101417261205202506082025Copyright ©; 2025, Saranyuk R.V., Polonikov A.V., Gosteva T.A.Copyright ©; 2025, Саранюк Р.В., Полоников А.В., Гостева Т.А.2025Saranyuk R.V., Polonikov A.V., Gosteva T.A.Саранюк Р.В., Полоников А.В., Гостева Т.А.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://vestnikdv.ru/jour/article/view/16898

Leukonychia is the development of white patches on the nail plates. This type of onychodystrophy has different anatomical and morphological types and may be caused by a variety of both exogenous and endogenous factors. Diagnosis of leukonychia as a clinical symptom of nail damage is not difficult. However, in some cases, the presence of leukonychia in a patient requires closer attention. While acquired leukonychia is most commonly the result of a mechanical damage to the nail matrix, congenital leukonychia, in addition to its idiopathic nature, can be a sign of severe hereditary pathology. Congenital leukonychia may be part of various hereditary diseases and syndromes, being one of the symptoms or an essential component of the disease. Despite the asymptomatic course and lack of life-threatening risk compared to other clinical manifestations of hereditary syndromes and diseases, the diagnosis of leukonychia can help multidisciplinary physicians to identify the syndromal nature of this disorder, with further organization of the diagnostic search for other components of the suspected disease. This issue is especially important in the interdisciplinary collaboration of physicians of various specialties, especially when diagnosis is challenging. The article discusses hereditary diseases and syndromes characterized by leukonychia in patients, and provides summary on the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of these disorders.

Лейконихия представляет собой появление на ногтевых пластинах участков белого цвета. Данный тип ониходистрофии имеет разные анатомические и морфологические типы и может быть обусловлен целым рядом как экзогенных, так и эндогенных факторов. Диагностика лейконихии как клинического симптома поражения ногтей не представляет трудностей. Однако в ряде случаев наличие у пациента поражения ногтей по типу лейконихии требует более пристального внимания. Если приобретенная лейконихия чаще всего является результатом механического повреждения матрицы ногтя, то врожденная лейконихия, помимо идиопатического течения, может быть одним из признаков тяжелой наследственной патологии. Врожденная лейконихия может выступать частью различных наследственных болезней и синдромов, являясь одним из признаков или обязательной составляющей заболевания. Несмотря на бессимптомное течение и отсутствие риска для жизни по сравнению с другими клиническими проявлениями наследственных синдромов и болезней, диагностика лейконихии может помочь врачам различных специальностей выявить синдромальную природу данного расстройства с дальнейшей организацией диагностического поиска других компонентов предполагаемого заболевания. Данный вопрос особенно важен при междисциплинарном взаимодействии врачей различных специальностей, особенно в случаях трудностей в постановке диагноза. В статье рассмотрены наследственные заболевания и синдромы, характеризующиеся наличием лейконихии у пациентов, представлена краткая информация об этиопатогенезе и клинической картине данных расстройств.

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