Treatment of the nevus sebaceous of Jadasson by a copper vapor laser

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Introduction
Nevus of the sebaceous glands of Yadasson (synonym: nevus of the sebaceous glands) (SN) is a congenital malformation of the skin, first described by Joseph Jadasso Joseph Jadassohn in 1895. It was reported that the prevalence of SN in newborns varies in the range of 0.1–0.3% [1]. NSG can manifest itself as either single or associated with SCALP syndrome (sebaceous nevus, malformations of the central nervous system, congenital aplasia of the skin, limbal dermoid and pigmented nevus) and Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome (SFM), which manifests itself as sebaceous and concomitant brain development abnormalities, associated with skeletal, ophthalmic, and less commonly cardiovascular and urogenital defects [2, 3]. NSG increases due to hyperplasia of sebocytes, epidermis and papillary dermal layer cells. It is known that due to the fact that sebocytes are prone to the manifestation of a pro-inflammatory phenotype with the expression of anti-inflammatory growth factor (VEGF), cytokines and adipokines, the progression of SN is inevitably associated with remodeling of the vascular bed associated with the affected area [4]. Since sebocytes are most sensitive to sex hormones, during puberty, NSC increases in size and becomes more noticeable. Histopathological hyperplasia of the epidermis of the SN was described as a simple, verrucous, seborrheic keratose-like and acrocordic types [3]. Some types of NSG are associated with erythema or ectasia of the vessels, while it was reported that seborrheic hyperplasia is associated with pointed vessels [5-7]. In view of the aforementioned pathomorphological features of NSF, its pathogenetic management should ensure the complete elimination of hyperplastic both sebaceous and epidermal cells and prevent the formation of a microvascular bed associated with the region of the SN. Since SN leads to cosmetic defects in visible areas of the neck or head, its treatment can be in demand both for psychological reasons and to improve the quality of life of patients. On the other hand, benign (seborrheic keratosis, syringocystadenoma papilliferum and trichoblastoma on the scalp) and malignant (basal cell carcinoma) tumors were found in 25% of patients with SN [8-11]. Surgical excision of a large SN, especially located on the scalp and face, is limited by soft tissue weakness, hairy skin and convex surfaces [1].
As noted in various studies, laser treatment is the least traumatic treatment for NSG. Ablation lasers (CO2 and Er: YAG) show high efficiency for small sizes of SN, but are associated with the risk of complications, relapses, scars, and bleeding due to high vascularization in the area of ​​location of the SN [12, 13]. It was reported that erythema was observed for several months after the treatment of face lumbar ablation with ablation lasers. To prevent scar formation, additional pulsed dye laser treatment was required [13]. It seems advisable to use CVL radiation with two wavelengths, providing inhibition of anti-inflammatory VEGF, effective heating of lipids of sebum, melanin, oxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin. With the help of CVL, it is possible to ensure the removal of sebaceous cells of the nevus, acanthotic cells and block blood flow in the microvascular bed associated with NSG [14, 15]
In this report, we are the first to describe our experience in the treatment of CVL of a patient with NSG.
Case Description
In September 2014, we received a 25-year-old patient M., with a pronounced yellow-brown NJ in the temporal region on the left (linear size 27 mm). Skin neoplasm has been present since birth. The patient did not have other similar tumors on the skin. She decided to see a doctor, because over the past two years, the size of the NSG has increased and caused a pronounced cosmetic defect. Detailed clinical history was recorded, including the evolution of nevus, associated symptoms. The diagnosis is based on clinical signs, dermoscopy and confirmed by histopathology. Histological examination revealed mature sebaceous cells and acanthotic cells in the lower papillary and upper reticular layers of the skin. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the treatment of SN with CVL.
The treatment of CVL (Yakhroma-Med, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) was performed at an average power of 1.0 W with a ratio of wavelengths of green and yellow 3: 2. the exposure time was 0.2 s. The diameter of the light spot on the skin was 1 mm. NLF (linear size 27 mm) was successfully treated during eight CVL procedures.
Immediately after laser treatment, the color of the nevus acquired a grayish tint for several days. After 7-10 days, the crusts exfoliated with restoration of the epidermis without hyper- or hypopigmentation. The treatment was carried out without anesthesia. After laser exposure, the skin was treated with a 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution. In the early postoperative period, Bepanten cream was applied twice a day. The healing process after the laser procedure

Results According to clinical observation, after healing of the treatment area, complete regression of the NJ was achieved.a) b) Figure 1. Nevus of the sebaceous glands before (a) and full resolution of the neoplasm 8 months after eight treatment procedures for CVL (b) Figure 1 shows excellent clinical and cosmetic results after CVL treatment of NSW. There were no relapses or side effects, such as dyschromia, atrophy, scarring, during the entire observation period up to 24 months after treatment. Discussion Many researchers examined atrivayut CNM as a risk factor and precancerous diseases [16, 17]. Surgical excision, dermabrasion, local photodynamic therapy, and cryosurgery have been used with varying degrees of success for the treatment of NSC, however, the treatment of NSC remains a challenge [18]. The risk of relapse and the potential development of neoplasia is associated with incomplete elimination of NSG. Ablative lasers (Er: YAG and CO2) are used to treat LVJ [19, 20, 21]. A study by Bhat Y. J in al. showed successful results of treatment with NSG using a CO2 laser, but in 26% of cases, patients showed hyperpigmentation and mild atrophic scarring (13% of cases) after treatment [19]. It was reported that the use of ablation lasers (CO2, Er: YAG) was limited due to bleeding during the procedure, hypopigmentation and scarring. A high risk of relapse when using ablative laser treatment can be associated with the absence of photodestruction of microvessels in the papillary and upper reticular dermis, since laser radiation from ablative lasers cannot provide their selective photodestruction. The emission of CVLs with two wavelengths seems to be promising for pathogenetic laser therapy for NSG. It was reported that CVL emission with wavelengths of 511 and 578 nm inhibits VEGF [22], destroys pigment and destroys the telangiectatic microvascular bed [23]. The CVL radiation with a wavelength of 578 nm, which is effectively absorbed by oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, provides remodeling of the vascular bed, preventing both relapses and malignancy of the LVL [14, 23]. Two-wave CVL radiation provides quick healing without side effects after the laser procedure, because radiation with wavelengths of 511 and 578 nm do not penetrate below the papillary layer due to the high absorption of melanin and oxyhemoglobin [23, 24].

Conclusion Treatment with CVL appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of NSG. The CVL radiation provides the most relevant result of the treatment of NSG, due to the complete elimination of nevus cells and remodeling of the vascular bed associated with nevus. VLM provides remodeling of the epidermis, sebaceous glands and microvascular bed of the papillary layer of the skin, which provides excellent cosmetic results and prevents possible malignancy of the NSG. Additional studies are necessary to determine the optimal parameters of laser exposure to achieve maximum treatment efficiency and minimize the risk of complications.

About the authors

Igor V. Ponomarev

P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: luklalukla@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3345-3482
ResearcherId: M-7464-2015
http://www.yachroma.com

Физический институт им.П.Н.Лебедева РАН к.ф.м.н.

Руководитель проекта

Russian Federation, 53, Ленинский проспект, Москва, 119991,

Sergei B. Topchy

P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: sergtopchiy@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6540-9235

старший научный сотрудник, к.ф.м.н.

Russian Federation, 53, Ленинский проспект, Москва, 119991

Yury N. Andrusenko

Medical Center "Health Institute"

Email: ure.doc@rambler.ru

хирург, онкодерматолог, Заведующий отделением Медицинский центр «ИНСТИТУТ ЗДОРОВЬЯ»

Ukraine, 61000, Украина, Харьков, Площадь Конституции, 26

Ludmila D. Shakina

National Medical Research Center for Children's Health of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: shakina@nczd.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3811-4367

д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник

Russian Federation, 119991, г. Москва, Россия, Ломоносовский проспект, 2.

References

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