Focal infection theory: past and present

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The authors present a historical review of and current data on the role of the focal infection in the human body as well as possible development of systemic diseases against its background.

About the authors

A. V. Patrushev

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: alexpat2@yandex.ru
Russian Federation

A. V. Sukharev

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Russian Federation

A. M. Ivanov

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Russian Federation

A. V. Samtsov

Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
Russian Federation

References

  1. Lorber B. Are all diseases infectious? Another look. Ann Int Med 1999; 131: 989-990.
  2. Ingle J.I., Bakland L.K., Baumgartner J.C. Ingle's Endodontics. 6th edition. Hamilton Ontario: BC Decker; 2008.
  3. Miller W.D. The micro-organisms of the human mouth: the local and general diseases which are caused by them. Philadelphia: The S.S. White Dental MFG; 1890.
  4. Patel S., Barnes J.J. The Principles of Endodontics. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
  5. Miller W.D. An introduction to the study of the bacteriopathology of the dental pulp. Dental Cosmos 1894; 36: 505-528.
  6. Pallasch T.J., Wahl M.J. The focal infection theory: appraisal and reappraisal. Calif Dent Assoc J 2000; 28: 194-200.
  7. Hunter W. Oral sepsis as a cause of septic gastritis, toxic neuritis and other septic conditions. London: Cassell and Company; 1901.
  8. Hunter W. Oral sepsis as a cause of disease. Br Med J 1900; 1: 215-216.
  9. Billings F. Chronic focal infection as a causative factor in chronic arthritis. J Am Med Assoc 1913: 61: 819-823.
  10. Billings F. Chronic focal infections and their etiologic relations to arthritis and nephritis. Arch Intern Med 1912; 9: 484-498.
  11. Billings F. Focal infection: the Lane medical lectures. New York & London: D. Appleton and Company; 1916.
  12. Rosenow E.C. Immunological and experimental studies on pneumococcus and staphylococcus endocarditis ("Chronic Septic Endocarditis”). J Infect Dis 1909; 6 (2): 245-281.
  13. Rosenow E.C., Gray H. Agglutination of the pleomorphic streptoсoccus isolated from epidemic poliomyelitis by immune serum. J Infect Dis 1918; 22 (4): 345-378.
  14. Mayo C.H. Mouth infection as a source of systemic disease. JAMA 1914; (23): 2025.
  15. Pallasch T.J., Wahl M.J. Focal infection: new age or ancient history? Endodontic Topics 2003; 4: 32-45.
  16. Noll R. Historical review: Autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004; 5 (2): 66-72.
  17. Grob G.N. The rise and decline of tonsillectomy in twentieth-century America. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2007; 62 (4): 383-421.
  18. Gibbons R.V. Germs, Dr. Billings, and the theory of focal infection. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 627-633.
  19. Hunter W. The role of sepsis and antisepsis in medicine and the importance of oral sepsis as its chief cause. Dent Register 1911; 44: 579-611.
  20. Rhoads P.S., Dick G.F. Efficacy of tonsillectomy for the removal of focal infection. JAMA 1928; 91 (16): 1149-1154.
  21. Rhein M.L. The retention of devitalized teeth without danger of focal infection JAMA 1917; LXIX (12): 974-977.
  22. Kells E.X-ray in dental practice. J Natl Dent Assoc 1920; 7 (3): 241-72.
  23. Wessely S. Surgery for the treatment of psychiatric illness: The need to test untested theories. JRSM 2009; 102 (10): 445-51.
  24. Kopeloff N., Cheney O.C. Studies in focal infection: Its presence and elimination in the functional psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 1922; 79 (2): 139-56.
  25. Crowe H.W., Franking H.G. Aetiology continued: dental infections and degenerative diseases - a review and commentary. Bacteriology and surgery of chronic arthritis and rheumatism with end-results of treatment. New York: Humphrey Milford; 1927.
  26. Reimann H.A., Havens W.P. Focal infection and systemic disease: a critical appraisal. JAMA 1940; 114 (1): 1-6.
  27. Cecil R.L., Angevine D.M. Clinical and experimental observations on focal infections with an analysis of 200 cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1938; 12 (5): 577-584.
  28. Iordanishvili A.K. Diseases, injuries and tumors of the maxillofacial region. SPb: SpecLit; 2007. [Иорданишвили А.К. Заболевания, повреждения и опухоли челюстно-лицевой области. СПб: СпецЛит; 2007.]
  29. Murray C.A., Saunders W.P. Root canal treatment and general health: a review of the literature. Int Endo J 2000; 33: 1-18.
  30. Bazhanov N.N. Dentistry: a textbook, 6th ed. Moscow: GJeOTAR-MED; 2002. [Бажанов Н.Н. Стоматология: учебник, 6-е изд. М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД; 2002.]
  31. Fitzpatrick Dermatology in clinical practice: tons. Per. with English; Ed. Acad. A.A. Kubanova. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Panfilova; BINOM. Laboratorija znanij 2012; II: p. 1647-1653.
  32. Janeway C.A., Janeway, C.A., Travers P., Walport M. et al. Autoimmunity and transplantation in Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease. New York: Garland Science Publishing 2005.
  33. Stevens D., Kaplan E. Streptococcal infections. Clinical aspects, microbiology, and molecular pathogenesis. New York: Oxford University Press 2000.
  34. Karaulov A.V., Bykov S.A., Bykov A.S. Immunology, microbiology and immunopathology skin. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo BINOM 2012. [Караулов А.В., Быков С.А., Быков А.С. Иммунология, микробиология и иммунопатология кожи. М.: БИНОМ 2012.]
  35. Medical microbiology, virology and immunology: a textbook for medical students. Ed. A.A. Vorobyov. 2nd edition. M: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo, 2012
  36. Murphy K., Travers P., Walport M. Chapter 5: Antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes. In: Janeway's Immunobiology. 7th edition. Garland Science 2008; 206-207.
  37. Cole В.С., Knudson К.L., Oliphant A. et al. The sequence of the Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen, МАМ.: identification of functional domains and comparison with microbal superantigens and plant lectin mitogen. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 1105-1110.
  38. Proft T., Fraser J. Superantigenes: just like peptides only different. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 819-821.
  39. Pal'chun T.V., Gurov A.V., Aksenova A.V. et al. Modern conceptions of toxic-allergic manifestations of chronic tonsillar disease, the etiologic and pathogenetic role in the occurrence and progression of common diseases. Vestn otorinolar 2012; (2): 5-12
  40. Somma F., Castagnola R., Bollino D. Oral inflammatory process and general health. Part 1: The focal infection and the oral inflammatory. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14: 1085-1095.
  41. Pizzo G., Guiglia R., Lo Russo L. Dentistry and internal medicine: From the focal infection theory to the periodontal medicine concept. Eur J Intern Med 2010; 21 (6): 496-502.
  42. Loos B.G. Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2005; 76: 2106-2115.
  43. Streit W.R., Schmitz R.A. Metagenomics - the key to the uncultured microbes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2004; 7 (5): 492-498.
  44. Eckburg P.B., Bik E.M., Bernstein C.N. et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308: 1635-1638.
  45. Siqueira Jr. J.F., Rocas I.N. As-yet-uncultivated oral bacteria: Breadth and association with oral and extra-oral diseases. Journal of Oral Microbiology 2013; 5. Electronic links: http://www.journaloforalmicrobiology.net/index.php/jom/article/view/21077 (date of treatment 20.11.2014).
  46. Pei Z., Bini E.J., Yang L. et al. Bacterial biota in the human distal esophagus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 4250-4255.
  47. Bik E.M., Eckburg P.B., Gill S.R. et al. Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 732-737.
  48. Verhelst R., Verstraelen H., Claeys G. et al. Cloning of 16S rRNA genes amplified from normal and disturbed vaginal microflora suggests a strong association between Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. BMC Microbiol 2004; 4: 16.
  49. Fredricks D.N., Fiedler T.L., Marrazzo J.M. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1899-1911.
  50. Dekio I., Hayashi H., Sakamoto M. et al. Detection of potentially novel bacterial components of the human skin microbiota using culture-independent molecular profiling. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 1231-1238.
  51. Ford P.J., Yamazaki K., Seymour G.J. Cardiovascular and oral disease interactions: What is the evidence? Primary Dental Care 2007; 14 (2): 59-66.
  52. Willershausen B., Adrian K., Willershausen I. et al. Association between chronic dental infection and acute myocardial infarction. J Endod 2009; 35: 626-630.
  53. Seymour G.J., Ford P.J., Cullinan M.P. et al. Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13 (Suppl. 4): 3-10.
  54. Ford P.J., Gemmell E., Hamlet S.M. et al. Crossreactivity of GroEL antibodies with human heat shock protein 60 and quantification of pathogens in atherosclerosis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2005; 20: 296-302.
  55. Padilla C., Lobos O., Hubert E. et al. Periodontal pathogens in atheromatous plaques isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41: 350-355.
  56. Ford P.J., Yamazaki K., Seymour G.J. Cardiovascular and oral disease interactions: What is the evidence? Primary Dental Care 2007; 14 (2): 59-66.
  57. Li X., Kolltveit K.M., Tronstad L. et al. Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2000; 13 (4): 547-58.
  58. Goymerac B., Woollard G. Focal infection: a new perspective on an old theory. Gen Dent 2004; 52 (4): 357-361.
  59. Bansal M., Rastogi S., Vineeth N.S. Influence of periodontal disease on systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm: a review. J Med Life 2013; 6 (2): 126-130.
  60. Akshata K.R., Ranganath V., Nichani A.S. Thesis, antithesis, and synthesis in periodontal and systemic interlink. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 16 (2): 168-173.
  61. John V., Kim S.J. Periodontal disease and systemic disease. Clinical information for the practicing dentist. J Indiana Dent Assoc 2002; 81 (2): 15-18.
  62. Bokhari S.A., Khan A.A. The relationship of periodontal disease to cardiovascular diseases - review of literature. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56 (4): 177-181.
  63. Michaud D.S., Joshipura K., Giovannucci E. et al. A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 171-175

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2015 Patrushev A.V., Sukharev A.V., Ivanov A.M., Samtsov A.V.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 60448 от 30.12.2014.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies