Такролимус: 10 лет успешного примененияв клинической практике



Цитировать

Полный текст

Аннотация

Такролимус (FK506) - первый представитель нового класса лекарственных средств - ингибиторов кальцинейрина,
обладающий огромным потенциалом, который открывает возможность изменения существующих подходов к лечению
различных дерматозов. Местные формы такролимуса проявляют активность за счет воздействия на пути сигнальной
трансдукции в Т-лимфоцитах и ингибируют транскрипцию генов. Следствием этого является снижение Т-клеточного ответа на антигены. Чрескожная абсорбция такролимуса в очагах поражения выше, чем при нанесении на здоровую кожу,
в связи с чем по мере выздоровления препарат проникает в кожу все в меньшем количестве. Системная абсорбция такролимуса в ходе лечения незначительна. Наибольший клинический опыт накоплен по применению такролимуса для лечения атопического дерматита. В ряде клинических исследований мазь такролимуса 0,03-0,3% эффективно уменьшала
выраженность симптомов и тяжесть течения атопического дерматита у взрослых и детей. Более того, местная терапия
такролимусом не сопровождалась сколь-нибудь значительными токсическими эффектами. Наиболее распространенной
жалобой пациентов было местное раздражение в области нанесения мази, носившее транзиторный характер и не требовавшее прекращения терапии. На сегодняшний день такролимус является ценной и более безопасной альтернативой
глюкокортикостероидам для лечения атопического дерматита, а также имеет потенциал для использования при лечении
ряда других дерматозов, что требует дополнительного всестороннего изучения.

Об авторах

А Л Бакулев

ГОУ ВПО «Саратовскийгосударственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского»

профессор кафедры кожных и венерических болезней, д.м.н; ГОУ ВПО «Саратовскийгосударственный медицинский университет им. В.И. Разумовского»

A L Bakulev

Список литературы

  1. Ruzicka T, Assmann T, Homey B. Tacrolimus: The drug for the turn of the millennium? Arch Dermatol 1999; 16: 574-580.
  2. Lawrence ID. Tacrolimus (FK506): experience in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 1998; 5: 74-84.
  3. Michel G, Kemeny L, Homey B, Ruzicka T. FK506 in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease: promises and perspectives. Immunol Today 1996; 17: 106-108.
  4. Fleischer AB. Treatment of atopic dermatitis: Role of tacrolimus ointment as a topical noncorticosteroid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 104: S126-S130.
  5. Wollenberg A, Bieber T. FK-506/Tacrolimus. In: Burg G, Dummer RG, editors. Strategies for Immunointerventions in Dermatology. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1997: 53-57.
  6. Columbo M, Bochner BS, Marone G. Human skin mast cells express functional beta1 integrins that mediate adhesion to extracellular martix proteins. J Immunol 1995; 154: 6058-6064.
  7. Panhans-Gro? A, Novak N, Kraft S et al. Human epidermal Langerhans' cells are targets for the immnosuppressive macrolide tacrolimus (FK506). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 345-352.
  8. Reitamo S. Tacrolimus: a new topical immunomodulatory therapy for atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 445-448.
  9. Nagai H, Hiyama H, Matsuo A et al. FK-506 and cyclosporin A potentiate the IgE antibody production by contact sensitization with hapten in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 283: 321-327.
  10. Homey B, Assmann T, Vohr H-W et al. Topical FK506 suppresses cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression in epidermal and local draining lymph node cells during primary skin immune responses. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5331-5340.
  11. Leung DYM, Soter NA. Cellular and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S1-S12.
  12. Williams HC. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000; 25: 522-529.
  13. Knoell KA, Greer KE. Atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Rev 1999; 20: 46-51.
  14. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980; 92: 44-47.
  15. Noble WC. Skin bacteriology and the role of Staphylococcus aureus in infection. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 9-12.
  16. Abeck D, Mempel M. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 13-16.
  17. Leung DYM, Hauk P, Strickland I et al. The role of superantigens in human diseases: therapeutic implications for the treatment of skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 17-29.
  18. Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Yokota Y et al. Tacrolimus has antifungal activities against Malassezia furfur isolated from healthy adults and patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Drug Invest 1996; 12: 244-250.
  19. Leung DYM. Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: S99-S108.
  20. Muschen A, Mirmohammadsadegh A, Jarzebska-Deussen B et al. Differential IL-10 receptor gene expression in acute versus chronic atopic eczema. Modulation by immunosuppressive drugs and cytokines in normal cultured keratinocytes. Inflamm Res 1999; 48: 539-543.
  21. de Paulis A, Stellato C, Cirillo R et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of FK-506 on human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 723-728.
  22. Funk JO, Maibach HI. Horizons in pharmacologic intervention in allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31: 999-1014.
  23. Gordon K, Guitart J, Victor T et al. Topical triamcinolone and tacrolimus differ in their in vivo effects on Langerhans cells during the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 11: Abstract 654.
  24. Wollenberg A, Sharma S, von Bubnoff D et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 519-525.
  25. Lemster B, Rilo HR, Carroll PB et al. FK506 inhibits cytokine gene and adhesion molecule expression in psoriatic skin lesions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 696: 250-256.
  26. Thomson AW, Nalesnik M, Abu-Elmagd K, Starzl TE. Influence of FK506 on T lymphocytes, Langerhans' cells and the expression of cytokine receptors and adhesion molecules in psoriatic skin lesions: a preliminary study. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 3330-3331.
  27. Jun Y, Sheng-Li C, Xiao-Lin W et al., Meta-analysis of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. Ped. Derm. Vol. 25 No.1 Jan/Feb 2008
  28. Schultz BS, Michel G, Wagner S et al. Increased expression of epidermal IL-8 receptor in psoriasis; down-regulation by FK-506 in vitro. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4399-4406.
  29. Sawada S, Suzuki G, Kawase Y, Takaku F. Novel immunosuppressive agent, FK506. In vitro effects on the cloned T cell activation. J Immunol 1987; 139: 1797-1803.
  30. Lemster B, Carroll PB, Rilo HR et al. IL-8/IL-8 receptor expression in psoriasis and the response to systemic tacrolimus (FK506) therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99: 148-154.
  31. Michel G, Auer H, Kemeny L et al. Antioncogene p53 and mitogenic cytokine interleukin-8 aberrantly expressed in psoriatic skin are inversely regulated by the antipsoriatic drug tacrolimus (FK506). Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 1315-1320.
  32. Bieber T. Topical tacrolimus (FK506): a new milestone in the management of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 555-557.
  33. Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schopf E et al. A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 816- 821.
  34. Alaiti S, Kang S, Fiedler VC et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: a phase I study in adults and children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38: 69-76.
  35. Hanifin JM, Chan S. Biochemical and immunologic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: New targets for emerging therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 72-77.
  36. Lauerma AI, Surber C, Maibach HI. Absorption of topical tacrolimus (FK506) in vitro through human skin: comparison with cyclosporine A. Skin Pharmacol 1997; 10: 230-234.
  37. Laurema AI, Granlund H, Reitamo S. Use of the newer immunosuppressive agents in dermatology. Bio Drugs 1997; 8: 96-106.
  38. Shirbacheh MV, Jones JW, Harralson TA et al. Pharmacokinetics of intra-arterial delivery of tacrolimus to vascularly isolated rabbit forelimb. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289: 1196-1201.
  39. Perego C, Lattuada D, Casnici C et al. Evidence that SMS 201- 995 enhances the immunosuppressive effect of FK506. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998; 20: 479-490.
  40. Przepiorka D, Blamble D, Hilsenbeck S et al. Tacrolimus clearance is age-dependent within the pediatric population. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26: 601-605.
  41. Magee CC, Denton MD, Milford EL. Immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation. Hosp Med 1999; 60: 364-369.
  42. Iwata H, Nagano T, Toyo-oka K et al. Suppression of allograft responses by combining alloantigen-specific i.v. pre-sensitization with suboptimal doses of rapamycin. Int Immunol 1994; 6: 93-99.
  43. Johnston A, Holt DW. Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 47: 339-350.
  44. Min Z, Jones NF. Limb transplantation in rats: Immunosuppression with FK-506. J Hand Surg 1995; 20A: 77-87.
  45. Hirai T, Waddell TK, Puskas JD et al. Prolonged lung allograft survival with a short course of FK506. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 1-8.
  46. Dubernard J-M, Owen E, Herzberg G et al. Human hand allograft: report on first 6months. Lancet 1999; 353: 1320.
  47. Muramatsu K, Doi K, Kawai S. Limb allotransplantation in rats: Combined immunosuppression by FK-506 and 15-Deoxyspergualin. J Hand Surg 1999; 24: 586-593.
  48. Cetinkale O, Cizmeci O, Ayan F et al. The use of FK506 and skin allografting for the treatment of severe burns in an animal model. Br J Plastic Surg 1993; 46: 410-415.
  49. Uchiyama H, Kong Y-Y, Kishihara K et al. Approach to withdrawal from tacrolimus in a fully allogeneic murine skin graft model. Immunology 1999; 97: 294-300.
  50. Ohashi Y, Minegishi M, Fujie H et al. Successful treatment of steroid- resistant severe acute GVHD with 24-h continuous infusion of FK506. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 625-627.
  51. Nakamura H, Nakao T, Ujiie H et al. Induction of autologous graft-versus-host disease after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: S457-S461.
  52. Ueno NT, Rondon G, Mirza NQ et al. Allogeneic peripheral-blood progenitor-cell transplantation for poor-risk patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 986-993.
  53. Worth LL, Tran H, Petropoulos D et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for childhood myeloid malignancies after highdose thiotepa, busulfan and cyclophosphamide. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24: 947-952.
  54. Boehringer M, Schwartz A, Keller F. Kaposi's sarcoma after renal transplantation: treatment with liposomal doxorubicin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 1342-1345.
  55. Woo L, Wright TM, Lemster B et al. Combined effects of FK506 (tacrolimus) and cyclophosphamide on atypical B22+ T cells, cytokine gene expression and disease activity in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 100: 118-125.
  56. Nagasaki Y, Matsubara Y, Takano H et al. Reversal of hypopigmintation in phenylketonuria mice by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 465-473.
  57. Koga T, Yano T, Ichikawa Y et al. Pulmonary infiltrates recovered by FK506 in a patient with Behcet's disease. Chest 1993; 104: 309-311.
  58. Jegasothy BV, Ackerman CD, Todo S et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) - A new therapeutic agent for severe recalcitrant psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 781-785.
  59. Abu-Elmagd K, Jegasothy BV, Ackerman CD et al. Efficacy of FK506 in the treatment of recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 3328-3329.
  60. Hanifin JM, Ling MR, Langley R et al. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: Part I, efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S28-S38.
  61. Kang S. Tacrolimus ointment (TO) for adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD): a dose escalation study. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: Abstract 681.
  62. Gutgesell C, Jung T, Reich K et al. Double-blind hydrocortisonecontrolled tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: Abstract 681.
  63. Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Ishibashi Y et al. Effects of tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for facial atopic dermatitis 761-764. Madrid, Spain, 24 June 1995. XVI European Congress of Allergology and Clinical Immonology Conference Proceeding, 1995.
  64. Aoyama H, Tabata N, Tanaka M et al. Successful treatment of resistant facial lesions of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% FK506 ointment. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 494-496.
  65. Drake L, Prendergast M, Maher R et al. The impact of tacrolimus ointment on health-related quality of life of adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S65-S72.
  66. Boguniewicz M, Fiedler VC, Raimer S et al. A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 637-644.
  67. Paller A, Eichenfield LF, Leung DYM et al. A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S47-S57.
  68. Kang S, Lucky AW, Pariser D et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S58-S64.
  69. Walker Metry D, Herbert AA. Topical therapies and medications in the pediatric patient. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 47: 867-876.
  70. Hanifin JM. Use of tacrolimus ointment (TO) in 3-6 year olds with atopic dermatitis (AD): Dose-escalation study. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: Abstract 680.
  71. Package Insert. Protopic (Tacrolimus). Astellas Pharma Europe B.V. Elisabethhof 19 2353 EW Leiderdorp Netherlands 2009.
  72. Reitamo S, Wollenberg A, Schopf E et al. Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 999-1006.
  73. Pournaras CC, Lubbe J, Saurat J. Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis treatment with topical tacrolimus (FK506). J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116: 480-481.
  74. Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Granlund H et al. Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization of atopic dermatitis lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 196-197.
  75. Lauerma AI, Maibach HI. Topical FK506 - clinical potential or laboratory curiosity? Dermatology 1994; 188: 173-176.
  76. Gupta AK, Adamiak A, Chow M. Tacrolimus: a review of its use for the management of dermatoses. JEADV (2002) 16, 100-114.
  77. Meingassner JG, Stutz A. Immunosuppressive macrolides of the type FK506: a novel class of topical agents for treatment of skin diseases? J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98: 851-855.
  78. Duncan JI. Differential inhibition of cutaneous T cell-mediated reactions and epidermal cell proliferation by cyclosporine A, FK- 506, and rapamycin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 84-88.
  79. Hiroi J, Sengoku T, Morita K et al. Effect of tacrolimus hydrate (FK506) ointment on spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1998; 76: 175-183.
  80. Doss N, Reitamo S, Dubertret L et al., Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second-line treatment for children with moderate-tosevere atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double-blind non-inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2009.
  81. Doss N, Kamoun M-R, Dubertret L et al., Superiority of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment compared with fluticasone 0.005% in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis of the face: results from a randomized, double-blind trial. BJD 2009; 161: 427-434.
  82. Zabawski EJ, Costner M, Cohen JB et al. Tacrolimus: pharmacology and therapeutic uses in dermatology. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39: 721-727.
  83. Bos JD, Van Leent EJM. Tacrolimus (FK506): Topical inflammatory cytokine inhibitor. J Cutan Med Surg 2001; 5 (suppl. 3): 7-11.
  84. Neylor N, Elmets C, Jaracz E et al., Non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with atopic dermatitis treated with topical tacrolimus. J Dermatol Treatment 2005; 16: 149-153.
  85. Abramovits W, Fleisher AB, Jaracz E et al., Adult patients with moderate atopic dermatitis: tacrolimus ointment versus pimecrolimus cream. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7 (120): 1153-1158.
  86. Paller AS, Lebwohl M, Fleischer AB Jr, et al. Tacrolimus ointment is more effective than pimecrolimus cream with a similar safety profile in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: results from 3 randomized, comparative studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:810-22.
  87. Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Lack of the association between exposure to topical calcineurine inhibitors and skin cancer in adults. Dermatology 2007; 214: 289-295.
  88. Arrelano FN, Wentworth CE, Arana A, et al., Rysk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurine inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 808-816.
  89. Astellas Pharma GmbH. Summaries of Product Characteristics. Protopic 0.03% Ointment and Protopic 0.01% Ointment. Munich, Germany: Astellas Pharma GmbH, 2006.
  90. Vente C, Reich K, Rupprecht R, Neumann C. Erosive mucosal lichen planus: response to topical treatment with tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 338-342.
  91. Lener EV, Brieva J, Schachter M et al. Successful treatment of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137: 419-422.
  92. Yamamoto S, Jiang H, Kato R. Stimulation of hair growth by topical application of FK506, a potent immunosuppressive agent. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 160-164.
  93. Jiang H, Yamamoto S, Kato R. Induction of anagen in telogen mouse skin by topical application of FK506, a potent immunosuppressant. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 523-525.
  94. McElwee KJ, Rushton DH, Trachy R, Oliver RF. Topical FK506: a potent immunotherapy for alopecia areata? Studies using the Dundee experimental bald rat model. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 491-497.
  95. Maurer M, Handjiski B, Paus R. Hair growth modulation by topical immunophilin ligands; induction of anagen, inhibition of massive catagen development, and relative protection from chemotherapyinduced alopecia. Am J Pathol 1997; 150: 1433-1441.
  96. Thiers BH. Topical tacrolimus: Treatment failure in a patient with alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136: 124.
  97. Jiang H, Yamamoto S, Nishikawa K, Kato R. Anti-tumour-promoting action of FK506, a potent immunosuppressive agent. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14: 67-71.
  98. Yamamoto S, Jiang H, Kato R. Inhibition of anthralin-caused skin tumor promotion and interleukin-1alpha production by potent immunosuppressant FK506. Cancer Lett 1994; 83: 185-189.
  99. Fujita T, Takahashi S, Yagihashi A et al. Prolonged survival of rat skin allograft by treatment with FK506 ointment. Transplantation 1997; 64: 922-925.
  100. Yuzawa K, Taniguchi H, Seino K et al. Topical immunosuppression in skin grafting with FK506 ointment. Transplant Proc 1996; 28: 1387-1389.
  101. Casson DH, Eltumi M, Tomlin S et al. Topical tacrolimus may be effective in the treatment of oral and perineal Crohn's disease. Gut 2000; 47: 436-440.
  102. Nash RA, Etzioni R, Storb R et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) alone or in combination with methotrexate or methylprednisolone for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched siblings: a single-center study. Blood 1995; 85: 3746-3753.
  103. Nielsen FT, Leyssac PP, Kemp E et al. Nephrotoxicity of FK-506 in the rat. Studies on glomerular and tubular function, and on the relationship between efficacy and toxicity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 334-340.
  104. Nasr IS. Topical tacrolimus in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000; 25: 250-254.
  105. Compendium of Pharmaceuticals Specialties, 35th edn. Webcom Limited, Toronto, 2000: 1287-1292.
  106. Manez R, Jain A, Marino IR, Thomson AW. Comparative evaluation of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A as immunosuppressive agents. Transplant Rev 1995; 9: 63-76.
  107. Nousari Hossein C, Sragovich A, Kimyai-Asadi A et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 265-268.
  108. Jonas S, Rayes N, Neumann U et al. De novo malignancies after liver transplantation using tacrolimus-based protocols or cyclosporine- based quadruple immunosuppression with an interleukin- 2 receptor antibody or antithymocyte globulin. Cancer 1997; 80: 1141-1150.
  109. Bekersky I, Ohara K, Dressler DE et al. An evaluation of the phototoxicity of tacrolimus (FK506) ointment in hairless mice. Int J Toxicol 1998; 14: 541-550.
  110. Bekersky I, Boswell G, Ohara K et al. Topical application of tacrolimus ointment did not alter the cutaneous pigmentation of Yucatan micropigs. Int J Toxicol 1999; 18: 19-21
  111. Alak AM, Cook M, Bekersky I. A highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for the determination of tacrolimus in atopic dermatitis patients. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19: 88-91.
  112. Soter NA, Fleischer AB, Webster GF et al. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: Part II, Safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: S39-S46.
  113. Etoh T. Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment: the Japanese experience. Immunomodulation in Focus Conference Newsletter 2000; 4-5.
  114. Rustin M. Treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with topical tacrolimus. Immunomodulation in Focus Conference Newsletter 2000; 6.
  115. Reitamo S, Rissanen J, Remitz A et al. Tacrolimus ointment does not affect collagen synthesis; results of a single-center randomized trial. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 396-398.
  116. Jaracz E, Fleischer A, Rico MJ et al. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Focus on cutaneous infections. 2001. Washington DC. Conference Proceeding.
  117. Lubbe J, Pournaras CC, Saurat J-H. Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Dermatology 2000; 201: 249-251.
  118. Navia MA. Rational design of new immunosuppressive drugs. Transplant Proc 1999; 31: 1097-1098.
  119. Wollenberg A, Reitamo S, Atzori F. et al., Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Allergy 2008: 63: 742-750.
  120. Reitamo S, Ortonne JP, Sand C, et al. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled study of long-term treatment with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:1282-9.
  121. Thaci D, Reitamo S, Ensenat MAG et al., Proactive disease management with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, multicentre, comparative study BJD 2008 159, pp1348-1356.
  122. Mollison KW, Fey TA, Gauvin DM et al. A macrolactam inhibitor of T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cytokine biosynthesis for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 112: 729-738.
  123. Frankel D. Tacrolimus of benefit in atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1998; 352: 1604-1604.
  124. McAlister RO. Tacrolimus: a promising new therapy for eczema/ atopic dermatitis. Advocate 1999; 11: 1-9.
  125. FK506 Ointment Study Group. Phase III comparative study on FK506 ointment: intergroup comparative study on FK506 ointment and betamethasone valerate ointment in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (of the trunk and limbs). Nishi Nihon J Dermatol 1997; 59: 870-879.
  126. FK506 Ointment Study Group. Phase III comparative study on FK506 ointment and aclometasone diproprionate ointment in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol 1997; 92: 277-288.

Дополнительные файлы

Доп. файлы
Действие
1. JATS XML
Скачать

© Бакулев А.Л., Bakulev A.L., 2010

Creative Commons License
Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 60448 от 30.12.2014.


Данный сайт использует cookie-файлы

Продолжая использовать наш сайт, вы даете согласие на обработку файлов cookie, которые обеспечивают правильную работу сайта.

О куки-файлах